By the C, by the C, by the Beautiful C --"By the Beautiful Sea", Carroll and Atteridge, 1914

This appendix presents an overview of C programming written for students who have some experience programming in another language. It’s specifically written for Java programmers and uses a few Java examples for comparison purposes. However, it should be useful as an introduction to C programming for anyone with basic programming experience in any language.

C is a high-level programming language like other languages you might know, such as Python, Java, Ruby, or C++. It’s an imperative and a procedural programming language, which means that a C program is expressed as a sequence of statements (steps) for the computer to execute and that C programs are structured as a set of functions (procedures). Every C program must have at least one function, the main function, which contains the set of statements that execute when the program begins.

The C programming language is less abstracted from the computer’s machine language than some other languages with which you might be familiar. This means that C doesn’t have support for object-oriented programming, nor does it have a rich set of high-level programming abstractions (like String and ArrayList) and large set of class libraries for programmers to use, nor does it have support for garbage collection and exceptions. As a result, if you want to use a data structure like a dictionary in your C program, you need to implement it yourself, as opposed to just using one already implemented in a Java class library.

C’s lack of high-level abstractions might make it seem like a less appealing programming language to use. However, being less abstracted from the underlying machine makes C easier for a programmer to see and understand the relationship between a program’s code and the computer’s execution of it. C programmers retain more control over how their programs execute on the hardware, and they can write code that runs more efficiently than equivalent code written using the higher-level abstractions provided by other programming languages. In particular, they have more control over how their programs manage memory, which can have a significant impact on performance. Thus, C remains the de facto language for computer systems programming where low-level control and efficiency are crucial.

We use C in this book because of its expressiveness of program control and its relatively straightforward translation to assembly and machine code that a computer executes. This chapter introduces programming in C to readers familiar with Java, beginning with an overview of C’s features and how they related to the Java programming language. Chapter 2 then describes C’s features in more detail.